Ultrasound-based haemodynamic force trajectories in a murine model of reversible pressure overload Corresponding authors

figure legend High-resolution ultrasound anatomical imaging and speckle-tracking analysis were used to compute left ventricular (LV) haemodynamic forces (HDF) in a murine model of transverse aortic constriction Peyton M. Day received his BS in biomedical engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. He worked as an undergraduate researcher with the Cardiovascular Imaging Research Laboratory, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, for two years. During his BS degree, he interned with the. During the completion of his BS at Purdue University, he continued his research interests in ventricular blood dynamics, vascular device development and diagnostic plethysmography. In the future, he plans to complete medical school with the goal of interfacing biomedical device development with cutting edge medicine. C. J. Goergen and P. Sicard contributed equally to this work. This article was first published as a preprint. Day P, Moore-Morris T, Goergen CJ, Sicard P. 2026. Ultrasound-based hemodynamic force trajectories in a murine model of reversible pressure overload. bioRxiv. https://doi. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 P. Day & Others J Physiol 0.0 (TAC) followed by aortic debanding (deTAC). Representative curves show typical LV longitudinal components of haemodynamic force plotted over a single, time-normalized cardiac cycle. EF, ejection fraction. Abstract Haemodynamic forces (HDF) quantify intraventricular pressure gradients as integrated vectors derived from myocardial motion and blood flow, providing a sensitive marker of left ventricular (LV) remodelling beyond conventional metrics such as ejection fraction or strain. Although HDF analysis has been clinically validated in heart failure, it remains underexplored in preclinical models. To determine whether HDF metrics derived from high-resolution murine echocardiography can sensitively track cardiac dysfunction and predict functional recovery, male mice (n = 8) underwent serial echocardiography at baseline, after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and 4 weeks after aortic debanding (deTAC). LV function and interval-specific HDF components were quantified, including longitudinal and transverse forces over predefined systolic and diastolic windows. Longitudinal interval-based parameters emerged as sensitive, integrative markers of LV dysfunction after TAC and deTAC. Notably, a novel exploratory waveform, early-to-late systolic impulse longitudinal HDF ratio, showed the strongest associations with pressure overload and subsequent functional recovery (baseline vs. TAC: P < 0.001; TAC vs. deTAC: P = 0.003; baseline vs. deTAC: P = 0.049). By contrast, diastolic HDF indices, including the previously proposed longitudinal e-wave ratio, did not significantly differentiate between time points. Transverse HDF over the systolic impulse interval further demonstrated potential for predicting post-surgical recovery following unloading. These findings support systolic HDF metrics, particularly longitudinal and transverse interval-based parameters, as sensitive integrative markers of LV dysfunction and reverse remodelling in preclinical pressure-overload models, and highlight their translational relevance for echocardiography-based HDF analysis.